Quiz 2: Machiavelli, Gracian

Quiz 2: Machiavelli, Gracian

1. What does it mean today when we call someone "Machiavellian"? Is this an appropriate usage of Machiavelli's name and reputation? Why or why not?

When we refer to someone as Machiavellian today we are calling them deceptive, dishonest and cunning. We usually use the word Machiavellian for people who portray these traits in a position of power, most likely political, for personal gain. Despite the fact that the term carries a negative connotation most times, I believe that this is a fairly appropriate use of the name. In most cases, the person being referred to as Machiavellian is demonstrating some of the principles written in The Prince.

2. What concerns in The Prince reflect contemporary politics and world affairs? Choose one such specific situation and explain whether Machiavelli would approve or disapprove of the way leaders are handling it.

George bush used Machiavellian tactics to perfection in the wake of the September 11th attacks on the US. His speeches and demeanor following the attacks were motivated toward instilling fear in his followers, and subsequently winning the blind faith of Americans. Machiavelli says it’s contemptible to be considered irresolute, fickle, and effeminate. Bush did his very best to avoid those labels, even if gross exaggeration and even flat out lying were necessary to maintain order. Though I strongly disapprove, I’m sure that Machiavelli would have patted him on the back for his actions.

3. What was Machiavelli's purpose in writing The Prince? Can his text be applied to the art of living the life of the individual, or is it only applicable to leadership? Why?

Machiavelli’s purpose in writing The Prince was to lay a set of basic guidelines and principles for his successors to live by. He basically wrote a blueprint for future rulers to follow. I think Machiavelli’s teachings are best suited when applied to leadership. Many of his principles don’t hold up when used in an individuals personal life.

4. Name two pieces of advice from Gracian that echo the ideas of the Stoics.

Gracians advice to never talk about yourself is in line with Stoic philosophy. Both Gracian and the stoics say that talking about yourself is a show of vanity. Gracians aphorism about being “A Man of Rectitude” also echos stoic ideals. Gracian explains that a man of rectitude does not stray from the truth and what is right under any circumstance. The stoics would agree that virtue is above all.

5. Name two pieces of advice from Gracian that contradict the ideas of the Stoics.

“The Art of Being Lucky” aphorism written by Gracian is contradictory to Stoic philosophy. The Stoics believe were critical of superstitions and taboos. Gracian also advises that it is sometimes necessary to act on first impulses. I don’t think the Stoics would agree as they would always follow logic and act after coming to a logical decision.


6. What kinds of metaphors was Gracian apt to use to illustrate his ideas? How have these contributed to the longevity of his ideas?

Gracian often uses metaphors of nature to illustrate his ideas. Nature (sun, moon, animals etc) is timeless and his metaphors are still relevant in today.